PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Feng Zuo
AU  - Norio Nakamura
AU  - Teruaki Akao
AU  - Masao Hattori
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of Berberine and Its Main Metabolites in Conventional and Pseudo Germ-Free Rats Determined by Liquid Chromatography/Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry
AID  - 10.1124/dmd.106.011361
DP  - 2006 Dec 01
TA  - Drug Metabolism and Disposition
PG  - 2064--2072
VI  - 34
IP  - 12
4099  - http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/34/12/2064.short
4100  - http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/34/12/2064.full
SO  - Drug Metab Dispos2006 Dec 01; 34
AB  - Berberine (Ber) and its main metabolites were identified and quantified using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/ion trap mass spectrometry. Rat plasma contained the main metabolites, berberrubine, thalifendine, demethyleneberberine, and jatrorrhizine, as free and glucuronide conjugates after p.o. Ber administration. Moreover, the original drug, the four main metabolites, and their glucuronide conjugates were all detected in liver tissues after 0.5 h and in bile samples 1 h after p.o. Ber administration. Therefore, the metabolic site seemed to be the liver, and the metabolites and conjugates were evidently excreted into the duodenum as bile. The pharmacokinetics of Ber and the four metabolites were determined in conventional and pseudo germ-free rats (treated with antibiotics) after p.o. administration with 40 mg/kg Ber. The AUC0-limt and mean transit time values of the metabolites significantly differed between conventional and pseudo germ-free rats. The amounts of metabolites were remarkably reduced in the pseudo germ-free rats, whereas levels of Ber did not obviously differ between the two groups. The intestinal flora did not exert significant metabolic activity against Ber and its metabolites, but it played a significant role in the enterohepatic circulation of metabolites. In this sense, the liver and intestinal bacteria participate in the metabolism and disposition of Ber in vivo. The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics