PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Toshiyuki Shimizu
AU  - Kei Akimoto
AU  - Takuya Yoshimura
AU  - Takuro Niwa
AU  - Kaoru Kobayashi
AU  - Michio Tsunoo
AU  - Kan Chiba
TI  - AUTOINDUCTION OF MKC-963 [(<em>R</em>)-1-(1-CYCLOHEXYLETHYLAMINO)-4-PHENYLPHTHALAZINE] METABOLISM IN HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS AND ITS RETROSPECTIVE EVALUATION USING PRIMARY HUMAN HEPATOCYTES AND CDNA-EXPRESSED ENZYMES
AID  - 10.1124/dmd.105.007997
DP  - 2006 Jun 01
TA  - Drug Metabolism and Disposition
PG  - 950--954
VI  - 34
IP  - 6
4099  - http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/34/6/950.short
4100  - http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/34/6/950.full
SO  - Drug Metab Dispos2006 Jun 01; 34
AB  - MKC-963, (R)-1-(1-cyclohexylethylamino)-4-phenylphthalazine, a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation, was synthesized and used in clinical trials in the 1990s. In the process of clinical study, it was found that urinary excretion ratios for 6β-hydroxycortisol and free cortisol increased significantly in parallel with decreases in the plasma concentrations of MKC-963 after repeated oral administration of the compound to healthy volunteers. These findings suggested that MKC-963 caused autoinduction (defined as the ability of a drug to induce enzymes that enhance its own metabolism, resulting in dispositional tolerance) in humans, and clinical studies using the compound were stopped. This experience prompted us to reevaluate the effects of this compound on CYP3A4 using primary human hepatocytes and cDNA-expressed human cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes to determine whether the autoinduction of MKC-963 metabolism in humans could have been predicted if these in vitro systems had been used for the evaluation of MKC-963 in the preclinical study. The results of in vitro study showed that MKC-963 increased CYP3A4 mRNA expression level and activity of testosterone 6β-hydroxylation to extents similar to those observed with rifampicin in primary human hepatocytes. In addition, approximately 90% of the MKC-963 metabolism in human liver microsomes was estimated to be attributable to CYP3A4. These in vitro findings are in good agreement with the results of clinical study, suggesting that studies using human hepatocytes and cDNA-expressed human P450s are useful for assessing the autoinductive nature of compounds under development before starting clinical studies. The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics