@article {Gu498, author = {Yongchuan Gu and Graham J. Atwell and William R. Wilson}, title = {Metabolism and Excretion of the Novel Bioreductive Prodrug PR-104 in Mice, Rats, Dogs, and Humans}, volume = {38}, number = {3}, pages = {498--508}, year = {2010}, doi = {10.1124/dmd.109.030973}, publisher = {American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics}, abstract = {PR-104 is the phosphate ester of a 3,5-dinitrobenzamide nitrogen mustard (PR-104A) that is reduced to active hydroxylamine and amine metabolites by reductases in tumors. In this study, we evaluate the excretion of [3H]PR-104 in mice and determine its metabolite profile in mice, rats, dogs, and humans after a single intravenous dose. Total radioactivity was rapidly and quantitatively excreted in mice, with cumulative excretion of 46\% in urine and 50\% in feces. The major urinary metabolites in mice were products from oxidative N-dealkylation and/or glutathione conjugation of the nitrogen mustard moiety, including subsequent mercapturic acid pathway metabolites. A similar metabolite profile was seen in mouse bile, mouse plasma, and rat urine and plasma. Dogs and humans also showed extensive thiol conjugation but little evidence of N-dealkylation. Humans, like rodents, showed appreciable reduced metabolites in plasma, but concentrations of the cytotoxic amine metabolite (PR-104M) were higher in mice than humans. The most conspicuous difference in metabolite profile was the much more extensive O-β-glucuronidation of PR-104A in dogs and humans than in rodents. The structure of the O-β-glucuronide (PR-104G) was confirmed by independent synthesis. Its urinary excretion was responsible for 13 {\textpm} 2\% of total dose in humans but only 0.8 {\textpm} 0.1\% in mice. Based on these metabolite profiles, biotransformation of PR-104 in rodents is markedly different from that in humans, suggesting that rodents may not be appropriate for modeling human biotransformation and toxicology of PR-104. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2010 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics}, issn = {0090-9556}, URL = {https://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/38/3/498}, eprint = {https://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/38/3/498.full.pdf}, journal = {Drug Metabolism and Disposition} }