TY - JOUR T1 - Preclinical Species and Human Disposition of PF-04971729, a Selective Inhibitor of the Sodium-Dependent Glucose Cotransporter 2 and Clinical Candidate for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus JF - Drug Metabolism and Disposition JO - Drug Metab Dispos SP - 1609 LP - 1619 DO - 10.1124/dmd.111.040675 VL - 39 IS - 9 AU - Amit S. Kalgutkar AU - Meera Tugnait AU - Tong Zhu AU - Emi Kimoto AU - Zhuang Miao AU - Vincent Mascitti AU - Xin Yang AU - Beijing Tan AU - Robert L. Walsky AU - Jonathan Chupka AU - Bo Feng AU - Ralph P. Robinson Y1 - 2011/09/01 UR - http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/39/9/1609.abstract N2 - (1S,2S,3S,4R,5S)-5-[4-Chloro-3-(4-ethoxybenzyl)phenyl]-1-hydroxymethyl-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2,3,4-triol (PF-04971729), a potent and selective inhibitor of the sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2, is currently in phase 2 trials for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. This article describes the preclinical species and in vitro human disposition characteristics of PF-04971729 that were used in experiments performed to support the first-in-human study. Plasma clearance was low in rats (4.04 ml · min−1 · kg−1) and dogs (1.64 ml · min−1 · kg−1), resulting in half-lives of 4.10 and 7.63 h, respectively. Moderate to good bioavailability in rats (69%) and dogs (94%) was observed after oral dosing. The in vitro biotransformation profile of PF-04971729 in liver microsomes and cryopreserved hepatocytes from rat, dog, and human was qualitatively similar; prominent metabolic pathways included monohydroxylation, O-deethylation, and glucuronidation. No human-specific metabolites of PF-04971729 were detected in in vitro studies. Reaction phenotyping studies using recombinant enzymes indicated a role of CYP3A4/3A5, CYP2D6, and UGT1A9/2B7 in the metabolism of PF-04971729. No competitive or time-dependent inhibition of the major human cytochrome P450 enzymes was discerned with PF-04971729. Inhibitory effects against the organic cation transporter 2-mediated uptake of [14C]metformin by PF-04971729 also were very weak (IC50 = ∼900 μM). Single-species allometric scaling of rat pharmacokinetics of PF-04971729 was used to predict human clearance, distribution volume, and oral bioavailability. Human pharmacokinetic predictions were consistent with the potential for a low daily dose. First-in-human studies after oral administration indicated that the human pharmacokinetics/dose predictions for PF-04971729 were in the range that is likely to yield a favorable pharmacodynamic response. ER -