PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Robert L. Walsky
AU  - Jonathan N. Bauman
AU  - Karine Bourcier
AU  - Georgina Giddens
AU  - Kimberly Lapham
AU  - Andre Negahban
AU  - Tim F. Ryder
AU  - R. Scott Obach
AU  - Ruth Hyland
AU  - Theunis C. Goosen
TI  - Optimized Assays for Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) Activities: Altered Alamethicin Concentration and Utility to Screen for UGT Inhibitors
AID  - 10.1124/dmd.111.043117
DP  - 2012 May 01
TA  - Drug Metabolism and Disposition
PG  - 1051--1065
VI  - 40
IP  - 5
4099  - http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/40/5/1051.short
4100  - http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/40/5/1051.full
SO  - Drug Metab Dispos2012 May 01; 40
AB  - The measurement of the effect of new chemical entities on human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) marker activities using in vitro experimentation represents an important experimental approach in drug development to guide clinical drug-interaction study designs or support claims that no in vivo interaction will occur. Selective high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry functional assays of authentic glucuronides for five major hepatic UGT probe substrates were developed: β-estradiol-3-glucuronide (UGT1A1), trifluoperazine-N-glucuronide (UGT1A4), 5-hydroxytryptophol-O-glucuronide (UGT1A6), propofol-O-glucuronide (UGT1A9), and zidovudine-5′-glucuronide (UGT2B7). High analytical sensitivity permitted characterization of enzyme kinetic parameters at low human liver microsomal and recombinant UGT protein concentration (0.025 mg/ml), which led to a new recommended optimal universal alamethicin activation concentration of 10 μg/ml for microsomes. Alamethicin was not required for recombinant UGT incubations. Apparent enzyme kinetic parameters, particularly for UGT1A1 and UGT1A4, were affected by nonspecific binding. Unbound intrinsic clearance for UGT1A9 and UGT2B7 increased significantly after addition of 2% bovine serum albumin, with minimal changes for UGT1A1, UGT1A4, and UGT1A6. Eleven potential UGT and cytochrome P450 inhibitors were evaluated as UGT inhibitors, resulting in observation of nonselective UGT inhibition by chrysin, mefenamic acid, silibinin, tangeretin, ketoconazole, itraconazole, ritonavir, and verapamil. The pan-cytochrome P450 inhibitor, 1-aminobenzotriazole, minimally inhibited UGT activities and may be useful in reaction phenotyping of mixed UGT and cytochrome P450 substrates. These methods should prove useful in the routine assessments of the potential for new drug candidates to elicit pharmacokinetic drug interactions via inhibition of human UGT activities and the identification of UGT enzyme-selective chemical inhibitors.