PT - JOURNAL ARTICLE AU - Ciaran Fisher AU - Tanya Coleman AU - Nick Plant TI - Probabilistic Orthology Analysis of the ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters: Implications for the Development of Multiple Drug Resistance Phenotype AID - 10.1124/dmd.112.045062 DP - 2012 Jul 01 TA - Drug Metabolism and Disposition PG - 1397--1402 VI - 40 IP - 7 4099 - http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/40/7/1397.short 4100 - http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/40/7/1397.full SO - Drug Metab Dispos2012 Jul 01; 40 AB - Drug transporters are rapidly becoming recognized as central to determining a chemical's fate within the body. This action is a double-edged sword, protecting the body from toxicants, but also potentially leading to reduced clinical efficacy of drugs through multiple drug resistance phenotype. To examine the interrelationship of this superfamily, we have constructed phylogenetic trees over an extended evolutionary distance representing each of the seven subfamilies. In addition, using protein sequences from species important in the design and evaluation of novel chemicals, namely human, macaque, rat, mouse, and dog, we have undertaken probabilistic orthology analysis to examine speciation probabilities within this phylogeny. These data allow us to accurately predict orthologous sequences across these species, an important confirmatory step with implications for cross-species extrapolation of data during drug safety testing. Finally, we present the first complete phylogeny for subfamilies within humans constructed using the entire coding sequences, at both the DNA and protein levels. We demonstrate for the first time that genes associated with the multiple drug resistance phenotype cluster separately from other genes within the same subfamily, suggestive of a conserved, fundamental, difference in these proteins. Such work may help guide future studies on the mechanisms underlying multiple drug resistance as well as the development of novel therapeutic approaches to mitigate against its development.