RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 Progress Curve Mechanistic Modeling Approach for Assessing Time-Dependent Inhibition of CYP3A4 JF Drug Metabolism and Disposition JO Drug Metab Dispos FD American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics SP 1658 OP 1667 DO 10.1124/dmd.112.046078 VO 40 IS 9 A1 Howard J. Burt A1 Henry Pertinez A1 Carolina Säll A1 Claire Collins A1 Ruth Hyland A1 J. Brian Houston A1 Aleksandra Galetin YR 2012 UL http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/40/9/1658.abstract AB A progress curve method for assessing time-dependent inhibition of CYP3A4 is based on simultaneous quantification of probe substrate metabolite and inhibitor concentrations during the experiment. Therefore, it may overcome some of the issues associated with the traditional two-step method and estimation of inactivation rate (kinact) and irreversible inhibition (KI) constants. In the current study, seven time-dependent inhibitors were investigated using a progress curve method and recombinant CYP3A4. A novel mechanistic modeling approach was applied to determine inhibition parameters using both inhibitor and probe metabolite data. Progress curves generated for clarithromycin, erythromycin, diltiazem, and N-desmethyldiltiazem were described well by the mechanistic mechanism-based inhibition (MBI) model. In contrast, mibefradil, ritonavir, and verapamil required extension of the model and inclusion of competitive inhibition term for the metabolite. In addition, this analysis indicated that verapamil itself causes minimal MBI, and the formation of inhibitory metabolites was responsible for the irreversible loss of CYP3A4 activity. The kinact and KI estimates determined in the current study were compared with literature data generated using the conventional two-step method. In the current study, the inactivation efficiency (kinact/KI) for clarithromycin, ritonavir, and erythromycin were up to 7-fold higher, whereas kinact/KI for mibefradil, N-desmethyldiltiazem, and diltiazem were, on average, 2- to 4.8-fold lower than previously reported estimates. Use of human liver microsomes instead of recombinant CYP3A4 resulted in 5-fold lower kinact/KI for erythromycin. In conclusion, the progress curve method has shown a greater mechanistic insight when determining kinetic parameters for MBI in addition to providing a more comprehensive experimental protocol.