@article {Siissalodmd.112.049585, author = {Sanna Siissalo and Hans de Waard and Marina H de Jager and Rose Hayeshi and Henderik W Frijlink and Wouter L.J. Hinrichs and Heike Dinter-Heidorn and Annie van Dam and Johannes H. Proost and Geny M.M. Groothuis and Inge A.M. de Graaf}, title = {Nanoparticle Formulation of a Poorly Soluble Cb-1 Antagonist Improves Absorption by Rat and Human Intestine}, elocation-id = {dmd.112.049585}, year = {2013}, doi = {10.1124/dmd.112.049585}, publisher = {American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics}, abstract = {The inclusion of nanoparticles dispersed in a hydrophilic matrix is one of the formulation strategies to improve the bioavailability of orally administered BCS class II and IV drugs by increasing their dissolution rate in the intestine. To confirm that the increased dissolution rate results in increased bioavailability, in vitro and in vivo animal experiments are performed, however, translation to the human situation is hazardous. In this study, we used a range of in vitro and ex vivo methods, including methods applying human tissue, to predict the in vivo oral bioavailability of a model BCS class II CB-1 antagonist, formulated as a nanoparticle solid dispersion. The enhanced dissolution rate from the nanoparticle formulation resulted in an increased metabolite formation in both rat and human precision-cut intestinal slices, suggesting increased uptake and intracellular drug concentration in the enterocytes. In Ussing chamber experiments with human tissue both the metabolite formation and apical efflux of the metabolite were increased for the nanoparticulate solid dispersion compared to a physical mixture, in line with the results in intestinal slices. The pharmacokinetics of the different formulations was studied in rats in vivo. The nanoparticle formulation indeed improved the absorption of the CB-1 antagonist and the delivery into the brain compared to the physical mixture. In conclusion, the combined approach provides a valuable set of tools to investigate the effects of formulation on the absorption of poorly soluble compounds in human intestine and may provide relevant information on the oral bioavailability in humans early in the development process.}, issn = {0090-9556}, URL = {https://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/early/2013/06/03/dmd.112.049585}, eprint = {https://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/early/2013/06/03/dmd.112.049585.full.pdf}, journal = {Drug Metabolism and Disposition} }