PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Barry C. Jones
AU  - Abhishek Srivastava
AU  - Nicola Colclough
AU  - Joanne Wilson
AU  - Venkatesh Pilla Reddy
AU  - Sara Amberntsson
AU  - Danxi Li
TI  - An Investigation into the Prediction of In Vivo Clearance for a Range of Flavin-containing Monooxygenase Substrates
AID  - 10.1124/dmd.117.077396
DP  - 2017 Oct 01
TA  - Drug Metabolism and Disposition
PG  - 1060--1067
VI  - 45
IP  - 10
4099  - http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/45/10/1060.short
4100  - http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/45/10/1060.full
SO  - Drug Metab Dispos2017 Oct 01; 45
AB  - Flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMO) are metabolic enzymes mediating the oxygenation of nucleophilic atoms such as nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and selenium. These enzymes share similar properties to the cytochrome P450 system but can be differentiated through heat inactivation and selective substrate inhibition by methimazole. This study investigated 10 compounds with varying degrees of FMO involvement to determine the nature of the correlation between human in vitro and in vivo unbound intrinsic clearance. To confirm and quantify the extent of FMO involvement six of the compounds were investigated in human liver microsomal (HLM) in vitro assays using heat inactivation and methimazole substrate inhibition. Under these conditions FMO contribution varied from 21% (imipramine) to 96% (itopride). Human hepatocyte and HLM intrinsic clearance (CLint) data were scaled using standard methods to determine the predicted unbound intrinsic clearance (predicted CLint u) for each compound. This was compared with observed unbound intrinsic clearance (observed CLint u) values back calculated from human pharmacokinetic studies. A good correlation was observed between the predicted and observed CLint u using hepatocytes (R2 = 0.69), with 8 of the 10 compounds investigated within or close to a factor of 2. For HLM the in vitro-in vivo correlation was maintained (R2 = 0.84) but the accuracy was reduced with only 3 out of 10 compounds falling within, or close to, twofold. This study demonstrates that human hepatocytes and HLM can be used with standard scaling approaches to predict the human in vivo clearance for FMO substrates.