List of compounds for which Full PBPK models were used to address pharmacological and toxicological questions
| Compound | Model purpose | A priori criteria? | Model Quality Assessment | Conclusions | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acetaminophen | Assessing various calibration strategies for linking PBPK models to toxicodynamic models of hepatotoxicity | No | Qualitative discussion of the agreement between simulated and observed Cmax, and metabolite ratios | Predicted liver toxicity in agreement with observed | (Péry et al., 2013) |
| Cyclosporine | Simulation of receptor occupancy in accute graft-versus-host organs and kidneys after intermittent or continuous infusion | No | Mann-Whitney test to compare means, chi-square test to compare proportions, bias and precision, number of simulations within 2-fold of the observed, weighted residuals | A greater therapeutic index was predicted following continuous infusion | (Gérard et al., 2010) |
| Cyclosporine | Establish a connection between the likelihood and severity of graft-versus-host disease and cyclosporine exposures in circulation, graft-versus-host target organs and lymphoid tissues | No | Student's t-test to compare means, chi-square test to compare proportions, Akaike information criterion for model selection | Blood cyclosporine levels can be used as an indicator of therapeutic efficacy | (Gérard et al., 2011) |
| Efalizumab | Develop a PD linked PBPK model to predict efficacy of efalizumab | Yes | Observed data within the predicted 5th and 95th centile | The model predicted the efficacy of efalizumab in treatment of psoriasis | (Chetty et al., 2015) |
| Formamide | Evaluate the relationship between dose and hepatic exposure | No | — | 40mg/day dose was proposed bases on a safety index | (Yan et al., 2012) |
| Levofloxacin | Exploratory study to predict the extent of tissue exposure of levofloxacin in humans as a basis for future PK/PD work. | Yes | Fold error in PK parameters less than 2 | Levofloxacin penetrated well into tissues, including the liver kidneys and spleen | (Zhu et al., 2015a) |
| Moxifloxacin | Simulate tissue concentrations versus time in patients with intra-abdominal infections | Yes | Fold error in PK parameters less than 2 | Concentrations in intra-abdominal tissues were predicted to be higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration for common pathogens | (Zhu et al., 2015b) |
| Moxifoxacin | Evaluate the effect of macrophages on tissue concentrations of moxifloxacin to enhance understanding of the effects of disease on PK/PD | No | Simulated concentration versus time profiles were evaluated for bias and precision | Macrophage concentrations are predicted to effect tissue concentration of moxifloxacin | (Edginton et al., 2009) |
| Nicotine | Develop a PBPK model to describe nicotine exposure and receptor binding in the brain | No | Qualitative discussion of the agreement of the predicted and observed data | PK/PD modeling allowed for prediction of nicotine receptor occupancy in the brain | (Teeguarden et al., 2013) |
| “S1” | Predicting brain extracellular fluid concentrations as a starting point for PK-PD modeling | No | — | Unclear whether the PBPK model would accurately predict PD | (Ball et al., 2014) |
| Temozolomide | PD linked PBPK model for simulating the brain concentration of temozolomide and the levels DNA brain adducts | No | — | Predictions were in close agreement with observed data and parameter estimates had low coefficients of variation | (Ballesta et al., 2014) |
| Zidovudine | Model intra-cellular concentrations of zidovudine in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and establish efficacy and toxicity following various dosing regimens | No | PK features are well represented by the predictions | 100mg 4 times daily is predicted to be the safest and most efficacious dosing scheme | (von Kleist and Huisinga, 2009) |
| Theoretical Compounds | Proof of concept study to evaluate mechanisms for differences in unbound plasma and tissue concentrations | No | This approach can be used to predict free tissue concentrations of various classes of drugs | (Poulin, 2015) |