Bioflavonoid complex (Citrus spp.) | — | — | — | — | Citrus aurantium: CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP3A4 (Testa and Krämer, 2008) |
Black cohosh (Actaea racemosa) | CYP2D6 (Li et al., 2011); CYP3A4 (Tsukamoto et al., 2005) | — | — | — | CYP1A2, CYP2E1, CYP3A (Gurley et al., 2004, 2005); CYP2D6 (Gurley et al., 2004) |
Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) | CYP3A (Uesawa and Mohri, 2006) | — | — | — | CYP2C9 (Greenblatt et al., 2006) |
Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea) | CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4 (Foster et al., 2003; Strandell et al., 2005; Yale and Glurich, 2005; Modarai et al., 2006); OATP2B1 (Fuchikami et al., 2006) | — | CYP1A2 (Gorski et al., 2004); CYP3A4 (Gorski et al., 2004) (intestinal) | CYP3A4 (Gorski et al., 2004) (hepatic) | CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP3A4 (Gurley et al., 2004); CYP2C9, CYP2D6 (Gorski et al., 2004) |
Garlic (Allium sativum)a | CYP2C19, CYP2E1, CYP3A, MDR1 (Foster et al., 2001; Patel et al., 2004); CYP2C9 (Ho et al., 2010); CYP3A, MDR1 (Hsiu et al., 2002) | — | CYP2E1 (oil) (Gurley et al., 2002) | — | CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP3A4 (Gurley et al., 2002); CYP2D6, CYP3A4 (Markowitz and Chavin, 2003) |
Gingko (Ginkgo biloba)a | CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A (Ohnishi et al., 2003; Yale and Glurich, 2005); OATP2B1 (Fuchikami et al., 2006) | — | — | — | CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP3A4 (Gurley et al., 2002); MDR1 (Mauro et al., 2003) |
Ginseng (Panax spp.)a,b | CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, UGT2B15 (Anderson et al., 2003); CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4 (Foster et al., 2002) | — | — | — | CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP3A4 (Gurley et al., 2002); CYP3A4 (Anderson et al., 2003) |
Goldenseal (Hydrastis Canadensis) | CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP3A4 (Budzinski et al., 2000; Chatterjee and Franklin, 2003; Foster et al., 2003) | — | CYP2D6 (Gurley et al., 2005, 2008); CYP3A4/CYP3A5 (Gurley et al., 2005) | — | CYP1A2, CYP2E1 (Gurley et al., 2005) |
Green tea (Camellia sinensis)a | CYP1A2 (Netsch et al., 2006); CYP3A4 (Moore et al., 2000); OATP2B1 (Mao et al., 2013) | — | — | — | CYP2D6, CYP3A4 (Chatterjee and Franklin, 2003); ECGC: CYP1A2 (Chow et al., 2006); CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP3A (Wang et al., 2001) |
Isoflavones [e.g., soy (Glycine max) and red clover, (Trifolium pretense)] | Soy: CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2C9, CYP2D6 (Modarai et al., 2006); CYP3A4 (Li and Doshi, 2011); OATP22B1 (Mao et al., 2013) | CYP3A4 (Modarai et al., 2006) | — | — | Soy: CYP3A4 (Modarai et al., 2006) |
Kava kava (Piper methysticum)a | CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4 (Li and Doshi, 2011) | — | — | — | CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP3A (Shen et al., 1997) |
Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) | MDR1 (Zhou et al., 2004; Budzinski et al., 2007) CYP3A4 (Brantley et al., 2013) | — | — | — | CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP3A4 (Gurley et al., 2004; Kawaguchi-Suzuki et al., 2014); CYP3A4 (Gurley et al., 2006) |
Silymarin | CYP3A4 (Venkataramanan et al., 2000); OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OATP2B1 (Köck et al., 2013); GT1A6/GT1A9 (Venkataramanan et al., 2000) | — | — | — | |
Silibinin | CYP2C9 (Beckmann-Knopp et al., 2000; Sridar et al., 2004; Jancová et al., 2007); CYP3A4 (Zuber et al., 2002; Sridar et al., 2004) | — | — | — | |
Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) | CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP3A4 (Yale and Glurich, 2005) | — | — | — | CYP1A2, CYP2E1 (Gurley et al., 2004); CYP2D6, CYP3A4 (Markowitz et al., 2003b) |
St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum)a,b,c | — | CYP3A4, MDR1 (Moore et al., 2000; Wang et al., 2001) | — | CYP3A4 (Whitten et al., 2006); MDR1 (Johne et al., 1999) | CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2D6 (Wang et al., 2001) |
| CYP2D6, CYP2E1 (Gurley et al., 2002) |
Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) | CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, MDR1 (Lefebvre et al., 2004; Strandell et al., 2004) | — | — | — | CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP3A (Gurley et al., 2005); CYP3A4, CYP2D6 (Donovan et al., 2004) |