Human Term Neonate (GW 37+) | Juvenile Rat (Preweaning) | Juvenile Pig (Preweaning) | |
---|---|---|---|
pH | |||
Stomach | |||
Fasted | 2.0–6.1 (Mason, 1962; Fredrikzon and Hernell, 1977) | PND <15: 6.5a | Göttingen minipig |
PND 15–21: decline to 4 (Ikezaki and Johnson, 1983)a | PND 1–7: 4.3–5.3 (Van Peer et al., 2016)a | ||
White X Landrace | |||
PND 26: 1.46–1.58 (Moughan et al., 1991) | |||
Fed | 5.2–7.5 (Mason, 1962; Fredrikzon and Hernell, 1977) | PND 9–18: 5.1 (Rodewald, 1976)a | White X Landrace |
PND 26: 5.04–5.31 (Moughan et al., 1991) | |||
Small intestine | 5.8–7.0 (duodenum, fed) (Barbero et al., 1952) | PND 9–18: 6.2a (duodenum), 6.3a (jejunum), 6.9 (ileum) (Rodewald, 1976) | Göttingen minipig |
PND 1–7: 5.8–6.5a (duodenum), 6.0–6.5a (jejunum), 6.0–7.3a (ileum) (Van Peer et al., 2016) | |||
Large intestine | 7–8.2 (cecum, fed) (Barbero et al., 1952) | PND 9–18: 7.4 (Rodewald, 1976)a | Göttingen minipig |
PND 1–7: 6.0–7.5 (Van Peer et al., 2016)a | |||
Gastric emptying (t1/2) | |||
Water or aqueous | 6.9 min (Lange et al., 1997)b | PND 1–2: ∼50 min (Heller, 1963)c | NA |
Maternal milk or colostrumd | 48 ± 15 min (Cavell, 1981)e | PND 10: 55 min (Tooley et al., 2009)c | Danish Landrace X Danish Yorkshire X Duroc |
PND 0: 20 min (Amdi et al., 2016)c | |||
Milk formula | 78 ± 14 min (Cavell, 1981)e | PND 10: 75 min (Tooley et al., 2009)c,f | White X Landrace |
PND 26: 90–101 min (Moughan et al., 1991)g | |||
Intestinal transit time | |||
SITT | 4 hh | ND | ND |
OCT | 1.2–2.0 h (Vreugdenhil et al., 1986) | ND | ND |
Intestinal length | |||
Small intestine | 143–157 cm (Struijs et al., 2009) | PND 14–15: 39a | Landrace |
PND 21–22: 55a (Ghishan et al., 1980) | PND 0: 334a | ||
PND 3: 481 (Wang and Xu, 1996)a | |||
Göttingen minipig | |||
PND 1–7: 219–318 (Van Peer et al., 2016)a | |||
White X Landrace | |||
PND 0: 359 cma | |||
PND 1–7: 426–575 cm (Buddington et al., 2001)a | |||
Large intestine (cecum plus colon, unless where indicated) | 33–40 cm (Struijs et al., 2009)i | PND 14–15: 4.9 ± 0.2 cm | Landrace |
PND 21–22: 7.5 ± 0.2 cm (Ghishan et al., 1980) | PND 0: 72.6a | ||
PND 3: 87.5 (Wang and Xu, 1996)a | |||
Göttingen minipig | |||
PND 1–7: 43.4–71.3 cm (Van Peer et al., 2016)a |
ND, No data.
a Reported means.
↵b Median.
↵c Estimated from graphical representation of means; range not reported.
↵d Species specific.
↵e Reported mean and error (Cavell, 1981).
↵f Rat milk replacer formula (Wombaroo Food Products, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia).
↵g Simulated human infant formulae (cow’s milk, hydrolyzed cow’s milk, and soy based).
↵h Reference value reported in ICRP (2002).
↵i Colon length only.