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Analytical methods for abused drugs in hair and their applications

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Abstract

Hair has been focused on for its usability as an alternative biological specimen to blood and urine for determining drugs of abuse in fields such as forensic and toxicological sciences because hair can be used to elucidate the long intake history of abused drugs compared with blood and urine. Hair analysis consists of several pretreatment steps, such as washing out contaminates from hair, extraction of target compounds from hair, and cleanup for instrumental analysis. Each step includes characteristic and independent features for the class of drugs, e.g., stimulants, narcotics, cannabis, and other medicaments. In this review, recently developed methods to determine drugs of abuse are summarized, and the pretreatment steps as well as the sensitivity and applicability are critically discussed.

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Abbreviations

6-MAM:

6-monoacetylmorphine

AEME:

anhydroecgonine methyl ester

AP:

amphetamine

APCI:

atmospheric pressure chemical ionization

API:

atmospheric pressure ionization

BZE:

benzoylecgonine

CBD:

cannabidiol

CBN:

cannabinol

CL:

chemiluminescence

CNS:

central nervous system

COC:

cocaine

COD:

codeine

COE:

cocaethylene

CSEI:

cation-selective exhaustive injection

CZE:

capillary zone electrophoresis

DBD-F:

4-(N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole

DFC:

drug-facilitated crime

DIB-Cl:

4-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzoyl chloride

EI:

electron impact ionization

EME:

ecgonin methyl ester

ESI:

electrospray ionization

Fen:

fenfluramine

FL:

fluorescence

GABA:

γ-aminobutyric acid

GC:

gas chromatography

HER:

heroin

HFBA:

heptafluorobutyric acid anhydride

HPLC:

high-performance liquid chromatography

KET:

ketamine

LC:

liquid chromatography

LOD:

limit of detection

LOQ:

limit of quantification

MAE:

microwave-assisted extraction

MBDB:

N-methyl-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butanamine

MBTFA:

N-methylbistrifluoroacetamide

MDA:

3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine

MDEA:

3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine

MDMA:

3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine

MEKC:

micellar electrokinetic chromatography

MISPE:

molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction

Mor:

morphine

MP:

methamphetamine

MPH:

methylphenidate

MS:

mass spectrometry

MSTFA:

N-methyl-N-trifluoroacetamide

NCI:

negative chemical ionization

NCOC:

norcocaine

N-Fen:

N-nitrosofenfluramine

NKET:

norketamine

Norf:

norfenfluramine

PO-CL:

peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence

PZ:

pentazocine

RSD:

relative standard deviation

SDS:

sodium dodecyl sulfate

SE-LPME:

surfactant-enhanced liquid-phase microextraction

S/N:

signal-to-noise ratio

SPE:

solid-phase extraction

SPME:

solid-phase microextraction

TFA:

trifluoroacetic acid

THC:

9-tetrahydrocannabinol

THC-COOH:

11-nor-∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid

TMCS:

trimethylchlorosilane

TOFMS:

time-of-flight mass spectrometry

UPLC:

ultraperformance liquid chromatography

UV:

ultraviolet

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Correspondence to Kenichiro Nakashima.

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Wada, M., Ikeda, R., Kuroda, N. et al. Analytical methods for abused drugs in hair and their applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 397, 1039–1067 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-010-3569-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-010-3569-z

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