Abstract
Hair has been focused on for its usability as an alternative biological specimen to blood and urine for determining drugs of abuse in fields such as forensic and toxicological sciences because hair can be used to elucidate the long intake history of abused drugs compared with blood and urine. Hair analysis consists of several pretreatment steps, such as washing out contaminates from hair, extraction of target compounds from hair, and cleanup for instrumental analysis. Each step includes characteristic and independent features for the class of drugs, e.g., stimulants, narcotics, cannabis, and other medicaments. In this review, recently developed methods to determine drugs of abuse are summarized, and the pretreatment steps as well as the sensitivity and applicability are critically discussed.
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Abbreviations
- 6-MAM:
-
6-monoacetylmorphine
- AEME:
-
anhydroecgonine methyl ester
- AP:
-
amphetamine
- APCI:
-
atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
- API:
-
atmospheric pressure ionization
- BZE:
-
benzoylecgonine
- CBD:
-
cannabidiol
- CBN:
-
cannabinol
- CL:
-
chemiluminescence
- CNS:
-
central nervous system
- COC:
-
cocaine
- COD:
-
codeine
- COE:
-
cocaethylene
- CSEI:
-
cation-selective exhaustive injection
- CZE:
-
capillary zone electrophoresis
- DBD-F:
-
4-(N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole
- DFC:
-
drug-facilitated crime
- DIB-Cl:
-
4-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzoyl chloride
- EI:
-
electron impact ionization
- EME:
-
ecgonin methyl ester
- ESI:
-
electrospray ionization
- Fen:
-
fenfluramine
- FL:
-
fluorescence
- GABA:
-
γ-aminobutyric acid
- GC:
-
gas chromatography
- HER:
-
heroin
- HFBA:
-
heptafluorobutyric acid anhydride
- HPLC:
-
high-performance liquid chromatography
- KET:
-
ketamine
- LC:
-
liquid chromatography
- LOD:
-
limit of detection
- LOQ:
-
limit of quantification
- MAE:
-
microwave-assisted extraction
- MBDB:
-
N-methyl-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butanamine
- MBTFA:
-
N-methylbistrifluoroacetamide
- MDA:
-
3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
- MDEA:
-
3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine
- MDMA:
-
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine
- MEKC:
-
micellar electrokinetic chromatography
- MISPE:
-
molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction
- Mor:
-
morphine
- MP:
-
methamphetamine
- MPH:
-
methylphenidate
- MS:
-
mass spectrometry
- MSTFA:
-
N-methyl-N-trifluoroacetamide
- NCI:
-
negative chemical ionization
- NCOC:
-
norcocaine
- N-Fen:
-
N-nitrosofenfluramine
- NKET:
-
norketamine
- Norf:
-
norfenfluramine
- PO-CL:
-
peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence
- PZ:
-
pentazocine
- RSD:
-
relative standard deviation
- SDS:
-
sodium dodecyl sulfate
- SE-LPME:
-
surfactant-enhanced liquid-phase microextraction
- S/N:
-
signal-to-noise ratio
- SPE:
-
solid-phase extraction
- SPME:
-
solid-phase microextraction
- TFA:
-
trifluoroacetic acid
- THC:
-
∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol
- THC-COOH:
-
11-nor-∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid
- TMCS:
-
trimethylchlorosilane
- TOFMS:
-
time-of-flight mass spectrometry
- UPLC:
-
ultraperformance liquid chromatography
- UV:
-
ultraviolet
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Wada, M., Ikeda, R., Kuroda, N. et al. Analytical methods for abused drugs in hair and their applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 397, 1039–1067 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-010-3569-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-010-3569-z