Abstract
Purpose
To predict the impact of the CYP2C8*3 genotype on rosiglitazone exposure in the absence and presence of trimethoprim.
Methods
Prior in vitro and in vivo information for rosiglitazone and trimethoprim were collated from the literature. Specifically, data on the frequency of the different allelic forms of CYP2C8 and their metabolic activity for rosiglitazone were incorporated into a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model within the Simcyp Simulator (V11.1) to predict differences in the relative exposure of rosiglitazone according to CYP2C8*3 genotype in a virtual population.
Results
Following multiple doses of 8 mg rosiglitazone, the predicted mean AUC(0–24) was 37 % lower in CYP2C8*3 homozygotes compared with wildtype homozygotes (p < 0.001), which was consistent with the 36 % lower value observed in vivo (p < 0.001) Kirchheiner et al. (Clin Pharmacol Ther 80:657–667, 2006). Predicted median AUC ratios of rosiglitazone in the presence and absence of trimethoprim ranged from 1.35 to 1.66 for ten virtual trials of subjects with the CYP2C8*1/*1 genotype, which included the observed value of 1.42. In subjects with the CYP2C8*1/*3 genotype, the predicted AUC ratios for all trials were higher than the observed value of 1.18 Kirchheiner et al. (Clin Pharmacol Ther 80:657–667, 2006).
Conclusions
Investigating the drug interactions in individuals with rare allelic forms of drug metabolising enzymes is fraught with many practical problems. Current study demonstrates the utility of prior in vitro metabolism data from such allelic forms to predict the relative exposure of a drug as a function of genotype. However, in vitro inhibition data obtained in one allelic variant (e.g. CYP2C8*1) may not be adequate to predict the in vivo interactions in another allele (e.g. CYP2C8*3), since the inhibitory characteristics of perpetrator might be different in each allelic variant in the same way as that of metabolism of the victim drug by such variants of the enzyme.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Kirchheiner J, Thomas S, Bauer S, Tomalik-Scharte D, Hering U, Doroshyenko O, Jetter A, Stehle S, Tsahuridu M, Meineke I, Brockmoller J, Fuhr U (2006) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rosiglitazone in relation to CYP2C8 genotype. Clin Pharmacol Ther 80:657–667. doi:10.1016/j.clpt.2006.09.008
Cox PJ, Ryan DA, Hollis FJ, Harris AM, Miller AK, Vousden M, Cowley H (2000) Absorption, disposition, and metabolism of rosiglitazone, a potent thiazolidinedione insulin sensitizer, in humans. Drug Metab Dispos 28:772–780
Baldwin SJ, Clarke SE, Chenery RJ (1999) Characterization of the cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the in vitro metabolism of rosiglitazone. Br J Clin Pharmacol 48:424–432
Niemi M, Backman JT, Granfors M, Laitila J, Neuvonen M, Neuvonen PJ (2003) Gemfibrozil considerably increases the plasma concentrations of rosiglitazone. Diabetologia 46:1319–1323. doi:10.1007/s00125-003-1181-x
Niemi M, Backman JT, Neuvonen PJ (2004) Effects of trimethoprim and rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of the cytochrome P450 2C8 substrate rosiglitazone. Clin Pharmacol Ther 76:239–249. doi:10.1016/j.clpt.2004.05.001
Hruska MW, Amico JA, Langaee TY, Ferrell RE, Fitzgerald SM, Frye RF (2005) The effect of trimethoprim on CYP2C8 mediated rosiglitazone metabolism in human liver microsomes and healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 59:70–79. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2005.02263.x
Dai D, Zeldin DC, Blaisdell JA, Chanas B, Coulter SJ, Ghanayem BI, Goldstein JA (2001) Polymorphisms in human CYP2C8 decrease metabolism of the anticancer drug paclitaxel and arachidonic acid. Pharmacogenetics 11:597–607
Kaspera R, Naraharisetti SB, Evangelista EA, Marciante KD, Psaty BM, Totah RA (2011) Drug metabolism by CYP2C8.3 is determined by substrate dependent interactions with cytochrome P450 reductase and cytochrome b5. Biochem Pharmacol 82:681–691. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2011.06.027
Daily EB, Aquilante CL (2009) Cytochrome P450 2C8 pharmacogenetics: a review of clinical studies. Pharmacogenomics 10:1489–1510. doi:10.2217/pgs.09.82
Yasar U, Lundgren S, Eliasson E, Bennet A, Wiman B, de Faire U, Rane A (2002) Linkage between the CYP2C8 and CYP2C9 genetic polymorphisms. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 299:25–28
Bahadur N, Leathart JB, Mutch E, Steimel-Crespi D, Dunn SA, Gilissen R, Houdt JV, Hendrickx J, Mannens G, Bohets H, Williams FM, Armstrong M, Crespi CL, Daly AK (2002) CYP2C8 polymorphisms in Caucasians and their relationship with paclitaxel 6alpha-hydroxylase activity in human liver microsomes. Biochem Pharmacol 64:1579–1589
Naraharisetti SB, Lin YS, Rieder MJ, Marciante KD, Psaty BM, Thummel KE, Totah RA (2010) Human liver expression of CYP2C8: gender, age, and genotype effects. Drug Metab Dispos 38:889–893. doi:10.1124/dmd.109.031542
Dickinson GL, Lennard MS, Tucker GT, Rostami-Hodjegan A (2007) The use of mechanistic DM-PK-PD modelling to assess the power of pharmacogenetic studies -CYP2C9 and warfarin as an example. Br J Clin Pharmacol 64:14–26. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2007.02850.x
Rowland Yeo K, Jamei M, Yang J, Tucker GT, Rostami-Hodjegan A (2010) Physiologically based mechanistic modelling to predict complex drug-drug interactions involving simultaneous competitive and time-dependent enzyme inhibition by parent compound and its metabolite in both liver and gut—the effect of diltiazem on the time-course of exposure to triazolam. Eur J Pharm Sci 39:298–309. doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2009.12.002
Zhao P, Zhang L, Grillo JA, Liu Q, Bullock JM, Moon YJ, Song P, Brar SS, Madabushi R, Wu TC, Booth BP, Rahman NA, Reynolds KS, Gil Berglund E, Lesko LJ, Huang SM (2011) Applications of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling and simulation during regulatory review. Clin Pharmacol Ther 89:259–267. doi:10.1038/clpt.2010.298
Howgate EM, Rowland Yeo K, Proctor NJ, Tucker GT, Rostami-Hodjegan A (2006) Prediction of in vivo drug clearance from in vitro data. I: impact of inter-individual variability. Xenobiotica 36:473–497. doi:10.1080/00498250600683197
Jamei M, Marciniak S, Feng K, Barnett A, Tucker G, Rostami-Hodjegan A (2009) The Simcyp population-based ADME simulator. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 5:211–223. doi:10.1517/17425250802691074
Rowland Yeo K, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Tucker GT (2004) Abundance of cytochromes P450 in human liver: a meta analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 57:687–688
Wilson ZE, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Burn JL, Tooley A, Boyle J, Ellis SW, Tucker GT (2003) Inter-individual variability in levels of human microsomal protein and hepatocellularity per gram of liver. Br J Clin Pharmacol 56:433–440
Johnson TN, Tucker GT, Tanner MS, Rostami-Hodjegan A (2005) Changes in liver volume from birth to adulthood: a meta-analysis. Liver Transpl 11:1481–1493. doi:10.1002/lt.20519
Proctor NJ, Tucker GT, Rostami-Hodjegan A (2004) Predicting drug clearance from recombinantly expressed CYPs: intersystem extrapolation factors. Xenobiotica 34:151–178. doi:10.1080/0049825031000164635346AHLL95GXWJ3T34
Austin RP, Barton P, Cockroft SL, Wenlock MC, Riley RJ (2002) The influence of nonspecific microsomal binding on apparent intrinsic clearance, and its prediction from physicochemical properties. Drug Metab Dispos 30:1497–1503
Turner DB, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Tucker GT, Rowland-Yeo K (2006) Prediction of non-specific hepatic microsomal binding from readily available physiochemical properties. 9th European ISSX Meeting, Manchester, UK, 4th–7th June 2006. In: Drug Metab Rev 38:162, A231
Leo MA, Lasker JM, Raucy JL, Kim CI, Black M, Lieber CS (1989) Metabolism of retinol and retinoic acid by human liver cytochrome P450IIC8. Arch Biochem Biophys 269:305–312
VandenBrink BM, Foti RS, Rock DA, Wienkers LC, Wahlstrom JL (2011) Evaluation of CYP2C8 inhibition in vitro: utility of montelukast as a selective CYP2C8 probe substrate. Drug Metab Dispos 39:1546–1554. doi:10.1124/dmd.111.039065
Tornio A, Niemi M, Neuvonen PJ, Backman JT (2008) Trimethoprim and the CYP2C8*3 allele have opposite effects on the pharmacokinetics of pioglitazone. Drug Metab Dispos 36:73–80. doi:10.1124/dmd.107.018010
Miller AK, DiCicco RA, Freed MI (2002) The effect of ranitidine on the pharmacokinetics of rosiglitazone in healthy adult male volunteers. Clin Ther 24:1062–1071
Watson ID, Stewart MJ, Wiles A, McIntosh SJ (1983) Pharmacokinetics of two dosage levels of trimethoprim to ‘steady-state’ in normal volunteers. J Int Med Res 11:137–144
Dickinson GL, Rezaee S, Proctor NJ, Lennard MS, Tucker GT, Rostami-Hodjegan A (2007) Incorporating in vitro information on drug metabolism into clinical trial simulations to assess the effect of CYP2D6 polymorphism on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: dextromethorphan as a model application. J Clin Pharmacol 47:175–186. doi:10.1177/0091270006294279
Kusama M, Maeda K, Chiba K, Aoyama A, Sugiyama Y (2009) Prediction of the effects of genetic polymorphism on the pharmacokinetics of CYP2C9 substrates from in vitro data. Pharm Res 26:822–835. doi:10.1007/s11095-008-9781-2
Aquilante CL, Bushman LR, Knutsen SD, Burt LE, Rome LC, Kosmiski LA (2008) Influence of SLCO1B1 and CYP2C8 gene polymorphisms on rosiglitazone pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Hum Genomics 3:7–16
Williams JA, Johnson K, Paulauskis J, Cook J (2006) So many studies, too few subjects: establishing functional relevance of genetic polymorphisms on pharmacokinetics. J Clin Pharmacol 46:258–264. doi:10.1177/0091270005283463
Rostami-Hodjegan A, Tucker GT (2004) ‘In silico’ simulations to assess the ‘in vivo’ consequences of ‘in vitro’ metabolic drug-drug interactions. Drug Discov Today Technol 1:441–448
Collins C, Levy R, Ragueneau-Majlessi I, Hachad H (2006) Prediction of maximum exposure in poor metabolizers following inhibition of nonpolymorphic pathways. Curr Drug Metab 7:295–299
Pedersen RS, Damkier P, Brosen K (2006) The effects of human CYP2C8 genotype and fluvoxamine on the pharmacokinetics of rosiglitazone in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 62:682–689. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2006.02706.x
Gao Y, Liu D, Wang H, Zhu J, Chen C (2010) Functional characterization of five CYP2C8 variants and prediction of CYP2C8 genotype-dependent effects on in vitro and in vivo drug-drug interactions. Xenobiotica 40:467–475. doi:10.3109/00498254.2010.487163
Rettie AE, Wienkers LC, Gonzalez FJ, Trager WF, Korzekwa KR (1994) Impaired (S)-warfarin metabolism catalysed by the R144C allelic variant of CYP2C9. Pharmacogenetics 4:39–42
Sullivan-Klose TH, Ghanayem BI, Bell DA, Zhang ZY, Kaminsky LS, Shenfield GM, Miners JO, Birkett DJ, Goldstein JA (1996) The role of the CYP2C9-Leu359 allelic variant in the tolbutamide polymorphism. Pharmacogenetics 6:341–349
Lee CR, Goldstein JA, Pieper JA (2002) Cytochrome P450 2C9 polymorphisms: a comprehensive review of the in-vitro and human data. Pharmacogenetics 12:251–263
Almond LM, Rowland-Yeo K, Howgate EM, Tucker GT, Rostami-Hodjegan A (2006) Prediction of the oral clearance of S-warfarin in CYP2C9 genotypes from in vitro enzyme kinetic data. 9th European ISSX Meeting, Manchester, UK, 4th–7th June. In: Drug Metab Rev 38: S92–93, A121 DOI 10.1080/03602530600742037
Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (2012) Guidance on the Investigation of Drug Interactions. European Medicines Agency. http://www.ema.europa.eu/doc/en_GB/document_library/Scientific_guideline/2012/07/WC500129606.pdf Accessed August 2012
Chapelsky MC, Thompson-Culkin K, Miller AK, Sack M, Blum R, Freed MI (2003) Pharmacokinetics of rosiglitazone in patients with varying degrees of renal insufficiency. J Clin Pharmacol 43:252–259
Yang J, Jamei M, Yeo KR, Tucker GT, Rostami-Hodjegan A (2007) Prediction of intestinal first-pass drug metabolism. Curr Drug Metab 8:676–684
Nowak A, Klimowicz A, Kadykow M (1985) Distribution of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole in blood during treatment with co-trimoxazole. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 29:231–234
Odlind B, Hartvig P, Fjellstrom KE, Lindstrom B, Bengtsson S (1984) Steady state pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim 300 mg once daily in healthy volunteers assessed by two independent methods. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 26:393–397
Klimowicz A, Nowak A, Kadykow M (1988) Plasma and skin blister fluid concentrations of trimethoprim following its oral administration. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 34:377–380
Watson ID, Cohen HN, Stewart MJ, McIntosh SJ, Shenkin A, Thomson JA (1982) Comparative pharmacokinetics of co-trifamole and co-trimoxazole to ‘steady state’ in normal subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 14:437–443
Acknowledgments
We thank Mr James Kay for his assistance with the preparation of this manuscript.
Conflict of interest
Simcyp Limited (a Certara company), provides a commercial PBPK–IVIVE simulator for the pharmaceutical industry. ARH and KRY are employees of Simcyp Limited. ARH is currently seconded to Simcyp on a part-time basis from the University of Manchester. The simulator is freely available, after the completion of the relevant workshops, to centres of excellence in pharmacology and pharmacometrics within academic and other not-for-profit institutions for research and teaching purposes.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yeo, K.R., Kenny, J.R. & Rostami-Hodjegan, A. Application of in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling to investigate the impact of the CYP2C8 polymorphism on rosiglitazone exposure. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 69, 1311–1320 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-012-1467-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-012-1467-3