Abstract
Purpose
The study's aim was to investigate the dose-dependent effect of sulfation and glucuronidation on intestinal absorption of resveratrol, a dietary constituent found in grapes and various medical plants.
Materials and Methods
The intestinal epithelial membrane transport kinetics and metabolism of resveratrol (10–200 μM) was studied using Caco-2 monolayers cultured in Transwells.
Results
Along with resveratrol it was possible to identify three metabolites, namely, resveratrol-4′-O-glucuronide (M1), resveratrol 3-O-gucuronide (M2), and resveratrol-3-O-sulfate (M3) by LC/MS and NMR. Efflux of the glucuronides M1 and M2 followed Michaelis–Menten kinetics significantly favouring basolateral efflux. The predominant metabolite was the monosulfate M3, however, its formation was strongly inhibited at higher resveratrol concentrations. As biotransformation was either inhibited or saturated, total amount of resveratrol transported across the Caco-2 monolayers increased as much as 3.5-fold at 200 μM resveratrol. This value might be even higher when taking into account the high intracellular concentration of resveratrol, which accounted for up to 61% of the applied dose.
Conclusions
Our data demonstrate a concentration-dependent biotransformation of resveratrol in Caco-2 cells, which may also apply to human enterocytes affecting oral bioavailability.
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Abbreviations
- AP:
-
apical
- BL:
-
basolateral
- Cl i :
-
intrinsic clearance
- HPLC:
-
high pressure liquid chromatography
- K i :
-
inhibition constant
- K m :
-
Michaelis constant
- MRP:
-
multidrug resistance protein
- P app :
-
permeability coefficient
- P-gp:
-
P-glycoprotein
- TEER:
-
transepithelial electrical resistance
- V max :
-
maximal secretion rate
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Acknowledgments
This study was supported by a grant from the Jubiläumsfonds der Österreichischen Nationalbank 9894 (W.J.) and by the Fonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung des Bürgermeisters der Bundeshauptstadt Wien (2296; T.S.).
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Maier-Salamon, A., Hagenauer, B., Wirth, M. et al. Increased Transport of Resveratrol Across Monolayers of the Human Intestinal Caco-2 Cells is Mediated by Inhibition and Saturation of Metabolites. Pharm Res 23, 2107–2115 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-006-9060-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-006-9060-z