Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids
ReviewHepatic metabolism of retinoids and disease associations☆
Highlights
► Hepatocytes are responsible for the uptake and processing of postprandial retinoid into the liver. ► Hepatocytes secrete retinol-binding protein (RBP) from the liver and account for most RBP found in the circulation. ► Extrahepatic tissues store retinoid and can recycle this retinoid back to the liver. ► Hepatic stellate cells store more than 50% of all retinoid present in the body. ► Hepatic retinoid stores are lost during the development of hepatic diseases.
Section snippets
Overview
The liver is quantitatively the most important storage site for retinoid in the body [1], [2], [3]. It is also quantitatively the most important tissue site of postprandial retinoid uptake in the body, accounting for uptake of 66–75% of all of dietary retinoid that is absorbed by the intestine [1], [2], [3]. And, the liver is the major organ site for retinol-binding protein (RBP) synthesis and secretion, accounting for 70–80% of all RBP that is normally present in the circulation [4], [5]. Note
Hepatic metabolism
There are two hepatic cell types centrally involved in retinoid processing and storage: the parenchymal cells (also known as hepatocytes) and HSCs [12]. The hepatocytes account for approximately 67% of all cells present in the liver and approximately 90% of hepatic protein; whereas the HSCs account for only approximately 8% of total hepatic cells and 1% of hepatic protein [10], [11]. It is well-established that hepatocytes are critically involved in the uptake and processing of dietary retinol
Associations between hepatic retinoid physiology and disease
As mentioned earlier, the liver is the major organ site for retinoid uptake from the diet, retinoid storage and retinol mobilization. These processes involve primarily retinol and retinyl esters. But the liver also contains enzymes which are capable of retinoic acid synthesis, retinoic acid catabolism and excretion [82]. The liver also expresses all 3 retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and all 3 retinoid X receptors (RXRs) [7]. Retinoic acid can undergo catabolism in the liver to more polar
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to acknowledge the support of grants RC2 AA019413, R01 DK68437, and R01 DK079221 from the National Institutes of Health which supported the research carried out in their laboratory and which was cited in this review.
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2022, Pharmacology and TherapeuticsCitation Excerpt :Retinyl esters in animal foods are absorbed from the small intestine after dietary ingestion and converted to retinol in the intestine (Ross & Moran, 2020) (Fig. 1). Excess retinol is converted into esters again, binds to chylomicrons, and is transferred to the liver via lymph, and then it is stored as retinyl ester in hepatic stellate cells existing in the perisinusoidal space of the liver (Shirakami, Lee, Clugston, & Blaner, 2012). Approximately 80% of vitamin A in the body is present as retinyl ester, especially retinyl palmitate (Schreiber et al., 2012).
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This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Retinoid and Lipid Metabolism.
- 1
Contributed equally to this work.