Review articleFat storage and the biology of energy expenditure
Section snippets
Adipogenesis, BAT and WAT Function, and the Pathophysiology of Visceral Fat Depots
Although adipocytes originate from mesodermal tissue, new knowledge reveals how specific transcription factors control the DNA transcription of downstream gene targets in mesenchymal stem cells for preadipocyte differentiation into mature adipocytes.7 This results in differentiation into WAT for fat storage of triacylglycerol or BAT for production of heat, but both tissues contribute to energy expenditure.8 A mutation in serine phosphorylation within the transcription factor peroxisome
Fat Remodeling and Regulation of Energy Homeostasis by Central and ANS Regulation
Fat remodeling is an essential dynamic process that ensures adequate body fat mass and energy homeostasis without excessive weight gain or loss. Increased appetite and food intake promotes a positive energy balance with weight gain, whereas satiety limits food consumption that favors negative energy balance and weight loss through hypothalamic neuropeptide regulation of appetite and satiety.20 CNS and ANS regulation of energy expenditure are integrated to achieve a balanced energy homeostasis
Intestinal Hormone Modulation of Energy Use
The ANS provides input to and from the gastrointestinal tract through parasympathetic vagal innervation from the nucleus tractus solitarious and the SNS from the spinal cord intermediolateral cell column. Furthermore, the roles of central hypothalamic neuropeptide regulation of food intake are complemented by intestinal hormonal modulation that involves integration of the CNS and ANS. This explains how normal total body fat mass can be regulated by fat remodeling based on the CNS hypothalamic
The Molecular Biology of Energy Use within Muscle, Liver, and Fat Tissues by Nuclear Hormone Receptors and their Coactivators
The transcription factor family of PPARs first discovered in the early 1990s include the following 3 isoforms: α, γ, and Δ, which, along with the more recently discovered PPAR gamma coactivator-1α (ie, PGC-1α), control the downstream gene expression that regulates key sites of energy use in muscle, liver, and fat.41
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2014, Bulletin of Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo UniversityCitation Excerpt :Excessive adiposity results from energy imbalance, where the consequences of excessive food intake are not balanced by increasing energy expenditure. Energy expenditure has many components, and can be classified into physical activity, obligatory energy expenditure, and adaptive thermogenesis.140 To regulate body weight and energy expenditure, mammalian brown adipose tissue (BAT) establishes non-shivering thermogenesis through dissipation of excess energy as heat.