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Coexistence of Passive and Proton Antiporter-Mediated Processes in Nicotine Transport at the Mouse Blood–Brain Barrier

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Abstract

Nicotine, the main tobacco alkaloid leading to smoking dependence, rapidly crosses the blood–brain barrier (BBB) to become concentrated in the brain. Recently, it has been shown that nicotine interacts with some organic cation transporters (OCT), but their influence at the BBB has not yet been assessed in vivo. In this study, we characterized the transport of nicotine at the mouse luminal BBB by in situ brain perfusion. Its influx was saturable and followed the Michaelis–Menten kinetics (K m = 2.60 mM, V max = 37.60 nmol/s/g at pH 7.40). At its usual micromolar concentrations in the plasma, most (79%) of the net transport of nicotine at the BBB was carrier-mediated, while passive diffusion accounted for 21%. Studies on knockout mice showed that the OCT Oct1–3, P-gp, and Bcrp did not alter [3H]-nicotine transport at the BBB. Neither did inhibiting the transporters Mate1, Octn, or Pmat. The in vivo manipulation of intracellular and/or extracellular pH, the chemical inhibition profile, and the trans-stimulation experiments demonstrated that the nicotine transporter at the BBB shared the properties of the clonidine/proton antiporter. The molecular features of this proton-coupled antiporter have not yet been identified, but it also transports diphenhydramine and tramadol and helps nicotine cross the BBB at a faster rate and to a greater extent. The pharmacological inhibition of this nicotine/proton antiporter could represent a new strategy to reduce nicotine uptake by the brain and thus help curb addiction to smoking.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Dr. Alfred H. Schinkel for supplying the knockout mice, GSK for generously supplying GF120918, and Novartis for generously supplying PSC833. We thank Dr. S. Rasika for editing the English text.

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No conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. INSERM U705, CNRS UMR 8206, Pharmacocinétique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris Descartes, 4, Avenue de l’Observatoire, 75006, Paris, France

    Salvatore Cisternino, Hélène Chapy, Pascal André, Maria Smirnova, Marcel Debray & Jean-Michel Scherrmann

  2. Assistance publique des hôpitaux de Paris, AP-HP, Paris, France

    Salvatore Cisternino, Pascal André & Jean-Michel Scherrmann

Authors
  1. Salvatore Cisternino
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  2. Hélène Chapy
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  3. Pascal André
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  4. Maria Smirnova
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  5. Marcel Debray
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  6. Jean-Michel Scherrmann
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Correspondence to Salvatore Cisternino.

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Cisternino, S., Chapy, H., André, P. et al. Coexistence of Passive and Proton Antiporter-Mediated Processes in Nicotine Transport at the Mouse Blood–Brain Barrier. AAPS J 15, 299–307 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1208/s12248-012-9434-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1208/s12248-012-9434-6

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