Abstract
Current regulatory guidances do not address specific study designs for in vitro and in vivo drug-drug interaction studies. There is a common desire by regulatory authorities and by industry sponsors to harmonize approaches, to allow for a better assessment of the significance of findings across different studies and drugs. There is also a growing consensus for the standardization of cytochrome P450 (P450) probe substrates, inhibitors and inducers and for the development of classification systems to improve the communication of risk to health care providers and to patients. While existing guidances cover mainly P450-mediated drug interactions, the importance of other mechanisms, such as transporters, has been recognized more recently, and should also be addressed. This article was prepared by the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) Drug Metabolism and Clinical Pharmacology Technical Working Groups and represents the current industry position. The intent is to define a minimal best practice for in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction studies targeted to development (not discovery support) and to define a data package that can be expected by regulatory agencies in compound registration dossiers.
Footnotes
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↵1 Abbreviations used are: FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration; AAPS, American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists; ADME, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion; AUC, area under the curve; AZT, azidodeoxythymidine; CDER, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research; CNS, central nervous system; CsA, cyclosporin A; P450, cytochrome P450; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; ECM, extracellular matrix; EUFEPS, European Federation of Pharmaceutical Sciences; EM, extensive metabolizer; FMO, flavin-containing monooxygenase; GLP, good laboratory practice; GST, glutathione S-transferase; HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography; hPXR, human pregnane X receptor; MAO, monoamine oxidases; MD, multiple dose; Mo-CO, molybdenum-containing oxidases; NAT2, N-acetyltransferase; NME, new molecular entity; PAPS, 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate; PhRMA, Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America; Pgp, P-glycoprotein; PK, pharmacokinetics; PM, poor metabolizer; ST, sulfotransferase; T4, thyroxine; TAO, troleandomycin; TEER, transepithelial electrical resistance; UDPGA, uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid; UGT, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase; ZDV, zidovudine.
- Received January 14, 2003.
- Accepted March 19, 2003.
- The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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